The doctrine of justification by faith alone, also known as sola fide, was a direct inheritance from Luther. Martin Luther and his successor, Philipp Melanchthon were significant influences on these theologians, and to a larger extent, those who followed. Each understood salvation to be by grace alone and affirmed a doctrine of unconditional election, the teaching that some people are chosen by God to be saved. Another shared perspective was their denial of the Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Scripture was also viewed as a unified whole, which led to a covenantal theology of the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Supper as visible signs of the covenant of grace. While from diverse academic backgrounds, their work already contained key themes within Reformed theology, especially the priority of scripture as a source of authority. The first wave of reformist theologians include Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531), Martin Bucer (1491–1551), Wolfgang Capito (1478–1541), John Oecolampadius (1482–1531), and Guillaume Farel (1489–1565). Pierre Cathedral in Geneva Cover of Calvin's magnum opus, Institutes of the Christian Religion, published in 1536 Main article: History of Calvinism Calvin preached at St. It is not hard to guess where such a deadly hatred comes from that they hold against me. They could attach us no greater insult than this word, Calvinism. Calvin denounced the designation himself:
More conservative Reformed federations include the World Reformed Fellowship and the International Conference of Reformed Churches.Ĭalvinism is named after John Calvin. The biggest Reformed association is the World Communion of Reformed Churches, with more than 100 million members in 211 member denominations around the world. Several forms of ecclesiastical polity are exercised by a group of Reformed churches, including presbyterian, congregationalist, and some episcopal. The Reformed tradition is largely represented by the Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, Reformed Anglican, Congregationalist, and Reformed Baptist denominations. Contemporary Reformed theologians include Albert Mohler, Tim Keller, John Piper, Joel Beeke, and Michael Horton.
Gresham Machen, Louis Berkhof, Karl Barth, Martyn Lloyd-Jones, Cornelius Van Til, R. In the 20th century, Abraham Kuyper, Herman Bavinck, B. The most important Reformed theologians include Calvin, Zwingli, Martin Bucer, William Farel, Heinrich Bullinger, Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, Peter Martyr Vermigli, Theodore Beza, John Knox, and John à Lasco. Many in the tradition find it either a nondescript or inappropriate term and prefer the term Reformed. The movement was first called "Calvinism" in the early 1550s by Lutherans who opposed it. The namesake and founder of the movement, French reformer John Calvin, embraced Protestant beliefs in the late 1520s or early 1530s, as the earliest notions of later Reformed tradition were already espoused by Huldrych Zwingli. Calvinists differ from Lutherans, another major branch of the Reformation, on the spiritual real presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper, theories of worship, the purpose and meaning of baptism, and the use of God's law for believers, among other points. It emphasizes the sovereignty of God and the authority of the Bible.Ĭalvinists broke from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century. Statues of William Farel, John Calvin, Theodore Beza, and John Knox, the most influential theologians in developing the Reformed faith, at the Reformation Wall in GenevaĬalvinism, also sometimes called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed, is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the Christian theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.
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